Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)

The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (Fagerstrom, & Schneider, 1989) is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. The original English version contains 6 items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence. The Spanish version contains 12 items and further assesses an individual's smoking history.

Measure Source Article:

Fagerstrom, K., & Schneider, N. (1989). Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(2), 159-182.

Related Article(s):

  1. Heatherton, T., Kozlowski, L., Frecker, R., & Fagerstrom, K. (1991). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119-1127.

  2. Huang, C., Lin, H., & Wang, H. (2008). Evaluating screening performances of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire, the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence and the heavy smoking index among Taiwanese male smokers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(7), 884-890.

Translation Information:

All measures had either been previously translated into Spanish and were subsequently reviewed by the study team COPA 2 (R01MH110242) for local accuracy of meaning or were translated and back translated by the study team. Translated study materials, including all assessment and intervention materials, were pilot tested with local focus groups of stakeholders, patients and providers.

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